Comparison Of The Effectiveness Of Green Betel Leaf (Piper Betle L) And Red Betel Leaf (Piper Crocatum) Decoction Water Against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Bacteria, One Of The Causes Of Vaginal Discharge In Vitro
Keywords:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Green betel leaf, Red betel leaf, Antibacterial activity, Vaginal dischargeAbstract
Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the bacteria associated with vaginal discharge, and the exploration of natural antibacterial agents remains important, especially given rising antibiotic resistance. Betel leaves, both red (Piper crocatum) and green (Piper betle L), have been traditionally used for their antimicrobial properties.
Objective: To compare the effectiveness of green and red betel leaf decoction water in inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using in vitro methods.
Methods: This study employed the microdilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) at various concentrations (1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, and 0.125%). Additionally, the agar diffusion method was used to assess the diameter of the inhibition zones produced by both types of betel leaf decoction against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Results: The red betel leaf decoction showed no inhibitory activity at any tested concentration across all replicates, indicating no detectable MIC. In contrast, the green betel leaf decoction demonstrated inhibitory effects in the first and third replicates at 1% concentration, although bacterial growth persisted in the second replicate and at lower concentrations across all replicates. Agar diffusion results revealed the presence of inhibition zones in green betel leaf decoction at 1% concentration in all replicates, while red betel leaf showed none under similar conditions.
Conclusion: Green betel leaf decoction water exhibits greater antibacterial effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to red betel leaf, particularly at higher concentrations, and may serve as a potential natural alternative in managing vaginal infections.
Keywords: Green Betel Leaf (Piper Betle L), Red Betel Leaf (Piper Crocatum), Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, leucorrhoea in vitro.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia RI (2019)
Farida, Y., Putri, V. W., Hanafi, M., & Herdianti, N. S. (2020). Profile of patients and antibiotic use in cases of community-acquired pneumonia hospitalised in academic hospitals in Sukoharjo Region.J Pharm Sci, 2, 152.
Anggarini, I., Darmayanti, L., & Sugitha, I. M. (2020). The Effect of Boiling Time on the Preparation of Sawo Leaf Herbal Drink (Manilkara zapota) on the Inhibition of Esherchia coli Growth. E-Journal Itepa, 272-281 : 9 (3) ISSN : 2527- 8010.
Norzia Alya Nurien. (2020). An overview of bacteria that cause vaginal discharge in adolescent girls.
Fikry, W. (2020). Inhibitory Test of Green Betel Leaf Decoction Water (Piper betle L.) Against the Growth of Candida albicans Fungus. Padang: upetis.ac.id.
Hidayah, A., Sari, W. A., & Peu, Y. A. (2021). The Relationship between the Use of Feminine Cleansing Soap and the Incidence of Vaginal Discharge in Women of Childbearing Age in Rw 06 Kletek Village, Taman District, Sidoarjo Regency. Majapahit Hospital (MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLYTECHNIC OF HEALTH MAJAPAHIT MOJOKERTO), 13(1), 122-131.
Connor B. Weir and Jacqueline. 2023. Metronidazole. NCBI Bookcase. Services from the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
Fatima Zahra Kheir, Aicha Bamala, Ghizlane Bounder, Abdelhak Abkari, Dalal Ben Sabbahia, Meriem Atrassi, Halima Rchid, Nourdin Harich, Mariama Lasky, Hasna Boura. 2024. Prevalence of metronidazole resistance and Helicobacter pylori infection in Moroccan children: a cross-sectional study. Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Pathologies, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
Essaidi Imane, Bounder Ghizlane, Jouimyi Mohamed Reda, Boura Hasna, Elyounsi Ilhame, Benomar Hakima, Badre Wafa, Zerouali Khalid, Maachi Fatima. 2022. Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to metronidazole and its relationship. Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Pathologies, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Moroccowith virulence factors in the Moroccan population
Abiola O. Olaitan, Chetna Dureja, Madison A. Youngblom, Madeline A. Topf, Wan-Jou Shen, Anne J. Gonzales-Luna, Aditi Deshpande, Kirk E. Hevener, Jane Freeman, Mark H. Wilcox, Kelli L. Palmer, Kevin W. Garey, Caitlin S. Pepperell & Julian G. Hurdle. 2023. Decoding a cryptic mechanism of metronidazole resistance among globally disseminated fluoroquinolone-resistant Clostridioides difficile. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39429-x
Hidayah, A., Sari, W. A., & Peu, Y. A. (2021). The Relationship between the Use of Feminine Cleansing Soap and the Incidence of Vaginal Discharge in Women of Childbearing Age in Rw 06 Kletek Village, Taman District, Sidoarjo Regency. Majapahit Hospital (MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLYTECHNIC OF HEALTH MAJAPAHIT MOJOKERTO), 13(1), 122-131.
Kaufman, D. (2019). Diagnosis, Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Evaluation of Invasive Candida Infections. Science Direct
Mery Budiarti, Anshary Maruzy, Rohmat Mujahid, Aniska Novita Sari, Wahyu Jokopriyambodo, Mohammad Azam Ansari, Shoaib Shoaib, Mohammad N. Alomary, Hissana Ather, Shaik Mohammad Asif Ansari, Umme Hani, Yahya, Jamous, Sami A. Alyahya, Jameela Naif Alharbi, Mohammad Azhar Imran, Shadma Wahab, Wasim Ahmad, Najmul Islam. (2023). Deciphering the emerging role of phytocompounds: Implications in the management of drug-resistant tuberculosis and ATDs-induced hepatic damage. Journal of Infection and Public Health, pp. 1443–1459, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.07.016
Mulyani, S. (2019). The Effect of Red Betel Leaf Stew on Pathological Vaginal Discharge in Adolescent Girls at SMA Negeri 1 Merbau. Journal of Midwifery Research & Kespro, Vol. 1 No. 2, 19-22.
Manarisip, G. E., Fatimawali, & Rotinsulu, H. (2020). Standardization of Green Betel Leaf Extracts (Piper betle L.) and Antibacterial Activity Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pharmacon, 9(4), 533-541.
Liste, I. N. E. (2020). Red betel leaves are beneficial for health. UNPRI PRESS ISBN, 1(1).
Not in the bibliography, but in the manuscript
Marwati., Taebe, B., Tandilolo, A. and Nur, S. (2021). Influence of growing place and chemical content profile of essential oils from red ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinalle Linn. Var rubrum). Journal of Science and Health 3(2): 248-254.
Saraswati, A., Palupi, S. and Eka, J. N. I. (2019). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of green betel leaf essential oil (Piper betle L.) and red betel leaves (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) comes from mussels of NTT. Scientific Journal of Student Affairs, University of Surabaya. 7(2): 1640-1659.
Effendi, I. R. (2019). Combination Activity of Green Betel Leaf Extract (Piper betle L.) With Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) As an Antibacterial Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Thesis. Pakuan University, Bogor.
Triastuti, A., Chabib, L. and Andiani, N. (2020). Development of betel leaf essential oil hand sanitizer: metabolite profile, antibacterial activity, and formulation. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Research and Community Service Results with the theme "Modern and Traditional Health" 43-55.
Dewandaru, R. A., Indarjulianto, S., Nururrozi, A., Purnamaningsih, H., and Hayati, R. (2019). Diarrhea is caused by Escherichia coli infection in dogs. Journal of Tropical Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 9(2): 38-43.
Sartini Sartini, Nurdiah Khaerawati, Rezky Amalia Kamril, Novi Febriani. (2020). The Effect Of Fresh Leaf-To-Water Ratio On The Antifungal And Antioxidant Activities Of Betel Leaf (Piper Betle L.) Extract.ISSN: 2088-4559, 2477-0256.
Niamul Faza Assauqi, Mutista Hafshah, Rais Nur Latifah. (2023). Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (KHM) and Minimum Kill Concentration (KBM) of Pandan Leaf Ethanol Extract (Pandanus Amaryllifolius Roxb) against Streptococcus mutants bacteria. Journal of Chemistry and Its Applications. ISSN: 2549-6573, 2549-6565.
Pratiwi, N. A. (2018). Effect of Red Betel Leaf Extract (Piper Crocatum) as an Antimicrobial against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Vitro. Brawijaya University. Accessed from https://repository.ub.ac.id/176232/
Rahmah, N. A., Sari, D. K., & Rahmawati, F. (2023). Red Betel Leaf Extract (Piper ornatum) Has the Potential to Inhibit the Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Which Is Resistant to 14 Types of Antibiotics. Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience, 7(1), 45-50.
Nida Nabila Rahmah, Meiskha Bahar, Cut Fauziah, Andri Pramesyanti. (2023). Red betel leaf extract (Piper ornatum) has the potential to reduce the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro;Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity.
Saraswati, A., Palupi, S., & Eka, J. N. I. (2019). Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Green Betel Leaf Essential Oil (Piper betle L.) and Red Betel Leaves (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) Originally from Kupang, NTT. Scientific Journal of Student Studies, University of Surabaya, 7(2), 1640-1659.
Geraldin Ester Manarisip, Fatimawali, Henki Rotinsulu.2020.STANDARDIZATION OF GREEN BETEL LEAF EXTRACTS (Piper betle L.) AND ANTIBACTERIAL TEST AGAINST Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Andy Fairuz Zuraida Eva, Mila Febriany, Sarahfin Aslan, Erna Irawati, Fadil, Abdillah Arifin, Nur Radia Fitri.2023.Effectiveness of Green Betel Leaf Extract (Piper betle L.) in Inhibiting the Growth of Streptococcus mutans Bacteria.Sinnun Maxillofacial Journal. E-ISSN 2714-5646
Nur Fadila Fitriana, Neneng Rachmalia Izzatul Mukhlishah. (2024). Review: Antibacterial Activity of Green Betel Leaf Extract (Piper Betle Linn.) Against Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria. Journal of Pharmacy and Health.ISSN : 2715-9957
Rahmah, N. N., Bahar, M., Fauziah, C., & Pramesyanti, A. (2021). Red betel leaf extract (Piper ornatum) has the potential to reduce the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience, 2(1), 45-52. Accessed from https://ijobb.esaunggul.ac.id/index.php/IJOBB/article/view/164
Mega Safithri, Dimas Andrianto, Adzani Gaisani Arda, Putri Hawa Syaifie, Nofa Mardia Ningsih Kaswati, Etik Mardliyati, Donny Ramadhan, Muhammad Miftah Jauhar, Dwi Wahyu Nugroho, Dewi Anggraini Septaningsih, Leni Tria Melati, Martini Hudayanti, Eliwati Sarah, Riyan Alifibi Putera Irsal, Nurul Taufiqu Rochman. (2023). The effect of red betel (Piper crocatum) water fraction as tyrosinase inhibitors: In vitro, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics studies. Journal of King Saud University – Science, pp. 102933, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102933
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
